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• ExampleCodeOLShac
  ...m</source> function. Either copy it below the above file (as it is written as a function you can do that), or you can save it in a new function file with An example output of this code (using autocorrelated error terms) is as follows:
  10 KB (1,385 words) - 01:01, 20 November 2012
• UniTS
  ...any other series and therefore univariate models should not be understood as being, even a remotely, realistic representation of the true dynamics. # To be used as a forecasting tool (mainly in the short term).
  19 KB (2,994 words) - 11:52, 18 October 2013
• IV
  It is well established that the IV estimator can be estimated as follows ...f{\widehat{\beta}}_{IV}</math> is of obvious interest and it is calculated as follows
  11 KB (1,761 words) - 22:46, 7 August 2015
• ExampleCodeIV
  % z, matrix with instrumental variables (at least as many cols as x) % z, matrix with instrumental variables (at least as many cols as x)
  4 KB (561 words) - 19:32, 3 December 2012
• Temp
  ...of freedom or distribution is changed, results might change significantly as well. As an example, for the case when the distribution is known and random number g
  13 KB (2,232 words) - 13:07, 6 October 2017
• Statistics
  ...ertainty. The tool to handle uncertainty is to treat outcomes of variables as random. We then assign probabilities to the possible outcomes to these rand
  6 KB (815 words) - 21:00, 1 July 2015
• StatPrelim
  ...ifferent contexts in the natural world about us. Such data may be obtained as a matter of course (e.g., meteorological records, daily closing prices of s ...tle about how our data are obtained; to a large degree this shall be taken as given. ''Rather, this course aims simply to describe, and direct you in the
  25 KB (4,188 words) - 13:42, 11 April 2013
• DataTypes
  ...see, then, that for a continuous variable an ''observation'' is recorded, as the result of applying some measurement, but that this inevitably gives ris ...d on a limited scale. For instance the weight variable has a limited scale as weights cannot be negative.
  6 KB (1,053 words) - 10:00, 5 August 2013
• GraphicRep
  ...on) of characteristic <math>\mathcal{A}</math> in the sample is calculated as <math>\frac{m}{n}.</math> The percentage of observations with characteristi ...n be summarised, graphically, using a '''histogram '''which is constructed as follows:
  11 KB (1,658 words) - 08:41, 13 September 2013
• Descriptive
  ...'', ''central tendency'' or, more commonly, ''average''. We can imagine it as the value around which the observations in the sample are ''distributed''. ...ncreases for food items are more important than price increases for music, as the purchases for the latter use a smaller proportion of a typical income.
  11 KB (1,801 words) - 11:15, 6 August 2013
• Regression
  ...The basis of such a measure are again the deviations from the sample mean (as for the calculation of the variance and standard deviation), but now we hav ...ship between these two variables, but it has many of the same shortcomings as the variance (see [[Descriptive]] Statistics). Therefore we want a standard
  25 KB (4,190 words) - 09:48, 5 September 2014
• Regression Examples
  <li><p>Calculate the ''weighted'' mean, using the market share values as the set of weights. Explain why the weighted and unweighted means differ. { ...ariables is -0.8366. Interpret this number and, in particular, is the sign as you would expect?</p></li>
  7 KB (1,210 words) - 17:45, 4 October 2013
• Probability Intro
  The sample space, <math>S,</math> is depicted as a closed rectangle, and the event <math>E</math> is a closed loop wholly co ...x;x\geq 0\},\,</math> with the following events defined on <math>S,</math> as depicted in Figure 3.2:
  18 KB (3,142 words) - 10:59, 2 June 2022
• Probability Conditional
  ...e property. (A similar calculation is made to set car insurance premiums.) As a result, the premiums for two identical households located in different pa ...00''g'', <math>F=</math> ''mother smoked during pregnancy''; then evidence as to whether <math>\Pr(E|F)>\Pr (E|\bar{F})</math> is of considerable interes
  15 KB (2,571 words) - 11:59, 9 August 2013
• Probability Conditional Exercises
  ...t <math>A</math> and <math>C</math> are not statistically independent? {no as <math>\Pr(C)=\Pr (C|A)</math>}</p></li> ...'' is considered dangerously low. Some of the relevant data are summarised as follows.</p>
  5 KB (897 words) - 14:44, 5 October 2013
• Probability DiscreteRV
  ...h models are to have wide applicability, we need a ‘general’ approach. As noted above, and previously, events (on a sample space of interest) are oft For our purposes, we can think of a ''random variable'' as having '''two''' components:
  22 KB (3,526 words) - 08:44, 14 August 2013
• Probability ContRV
  ...e space, a range of possible numbers is implied (not just isolated numbers as with a discrete random variable). ...>0</math> signifying ‘empty’ and <math>1</math> signifying ‘full’. As noted before when talking about the characteristics of continuous variables
  26 KB (4,299 words) - 15:10, 17 September 2014
• Probability RV Exercises
  <p>Show that the cumulative distribution function can be expressed as</p> ...>P(y)=0</math> for <math>y\leq 0</math> and <math>P(y)\rightarrow 1</math> as <math>y\rightarrow \infty. </math></p>
  5 KB (902 words) - 08:48, 28 August 2014
• Probability Norm
  ...ematician, Laplace (1749-1827). Physicists and engineers often refer to it as the ''Gaussian'' distribution. There a several pieces of evidence which sug ...distribution, even if the original distribution is ''discrete'' in nature, as we shall now see in the case of a binomial random variable.
  19 KB (2,957 words) - 15:25, 15 August 2013
• Probability MomentsExp
  ...ulation here because a mathematical/statistical model is often put forward as an appropriate ''description'' of the population from which a sample is dra The relationship between theoretical and sample mean is motivated as follows.
  24 KB (4,023 words) - 22:24, 29 August 2013

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